1. Why did we end up bipedal?
Because of the way hominids were placing their weight when they walked and the erect body posture. The human mode of locomotion is most clearly shown in our striding gait, where weight is alternately placed on a single fully extended hind limb. This locomotion developed to a point where energy levels ae used to near peak efficiency.
2. What adaptations do modern humans have that allow them to be bipedal?
Foramen magnum is repositioned farther underneath the skull so that the head is more or less balanced on the spine. The spine has two curves, thoracic and lumbar which helped keep the weight centered on the pelvis. Also over time, our pelvis is shaped like a basin to support internal organs.
3. Compare how chimps and humans walk
For humans our limbs elongated and 20% of our height compromises in our thigh while chips only 11% does. For humans our arch in our feet allow us to absorb shock and add spring while we walk.
4.What are the advantages to walking bipedally?
Being bipedal gives us the advantage of being efficient. It's less weight on the knuckles and saves us energy. When walking on hard surfaces there's little muscle movement. Also walking up straight allows you to pick your head up and let's a person see more of what their surroundings are. Lastly freeing up your hands so you can carry more things, also it's making your hands useful for yourself and then you can reach things that would be out of reach if you were walking on all fours.
Tuesday, February 28, 2012
Wednesday, February 22, 2012
Dating pg. 282-289 2.22.12
Paleoanthropology in Action
-3 processes of geological rifting
-stratigraphy: study of the sequential layering of deposits
-principle of superposition: stratigraphic sequence, the lower layers were deposited before the upper layers, simply put the tuff on top of a heap was put there last
-half-life: time period in which one-half the amount of radioactive isotope is converted chemically to a daughter product.
-thermoluminiscience (TL): technique for dating certain archaeological materials (i.e. stone tools) that were heated in the past and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating
Relative Dating
-biostratigraphy: dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as presence or absence of particular species
Geological Dating
Types absolute vs relative
What is half life and how is it useful in geological dating?
What the the key radiometric datable materials that are useful for paleoanthropologists? What are their half lives? What makes these useful vs other types of radioactive material?
Why are volcanoes useful in this process?
How can the geology of one area be useful in identifying the age of an area in a different part of the world?
-3 processes of geological rifting
- faulting, or earth movement
- active volcanic processes cause rapid sedimentation, which often yields excellent preservation of bone and artifacts that normally would be scattered by carnivore activity and erosion forces
- volcanic activity provides a wealth of radiometrically datable material
-stratigraphy: study of the sequential layering of deposits
-principle of superposition: stratigraphic sequence, the lower layers were deposited before the upper layers, simply put the tuff on top of a heap was put there last
-half-life: time period in which one-half the amount of radioactive isotope is converted chemically to a daughter product.
-thermoluminiscience (TL): technique for dating certain archaeological materials (i.e. stone tools) that were heated in the past and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating
Relative Dating
- i.e. stratigraphy, fluorine dating
- methodological basis: provides a sequence only; i.e. no estimates in actual number of years
- i.e. K/Ar, radiocarbon, fission-track
- methodological basis: most techniques* are radiometric; i.e. study decay of radioactive isotope provides estimate in actual number of years
- *chronometric techniques that are nonradiometric inclue tree-ring dating (scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree-rings)
-biostratigraphy: dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as presence or absence of particular species
Geological Dating
Types absolute vs relative
What is half life and how is it useful in geological dating?
What the the key radiometric datable materials that are useful for paleoanthropologists? What are their half lives? What makes these useful vs other types of radioactive material?
Why are volcanoes useful in this process?
How can the geology of one area be useful in identifying the age of an area in a different part of the world?
Tuesday, February 14, 2012
Technology Research 2.14.12
In your post you must address the following
1. How can you identify the resource?
what does it look like?
Does it look that way year round? If not how can you identify it during different times?
2. What is the range for this resource? Where can I find it in the United States?
3. What would native populations used these resources for?
Do they have medicinal value?
Can they be used to make fire?
Can you make a container, cordage, digging stick some other primitive technology with this resource?
4. Are there any hazards to this resource?
Is it poisonous if ingested? Can it cause a rash? does it smell bad? something like that.
1. How can you identify the resource?
what does it look like?
Does it look that way year round? If not how can you identify it during different times?
2. What is the range for this resource? Where can I find it in the United States?
3. What would native populations used these resources for?
Do they have medicinal value?
Can they be used to make fire?
Can you make a container, cordage, digging stick some other primitive technology with this resource?
4. Are there any hazards to this resource?
Is it poisonous if ingested? Can it cause a rash? does it smell bad? something like that.
- Red cedarlong; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or occasionally whorls of three.
1. The bark is reddish-brown, fibrous, and peels off in narrow strips. The leaves are of two types; sharp, spreading needle-like juvenile leaves 5–10 cm long, and tightly adpressed scale-like adult leaves 2–4 mm2. A species of juniper native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, east of the Great Plains
3. If correctly prepared, it makes excellent English longbows, flatbows, and Native American sinew-backed bows or fence posts [more modern]. The cones are used to flavor gin and as a kidney medicine.
4. It sheds pollen which people can be allergic to.
Osage Orange
1. Small deciduous tree or large shrub, typically growing to 8–15 metres tall. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants.
2. Occurred historically in the Red River drainage of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas and in the Blackland Prairies, Post Oak Savannas, and Chisos Mountains of Texas.
3.Tool handles, treenails, fence posts, electrical insulators, and other applications requiring a strong dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot. Straight-grained osage timber (most is knotty and twisted) makes very good bows.
4.Today, the fruit is sometimes used to deter spiders, cockroaches, boxelder bugs, crickets, fleas, and other arthropods.
- Willow
- 1. Found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Willows are very cross-fertile, and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation. Willows all have abundant, watery bark, sap which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches, and large, and fibrous.The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity to life, and roots readily grow from aerial parts of the plant.The leaves are typically elongated, but may also be round to oval, frequently with a serrated margin.
Ash1. The ash tree is a strong, medium to very large tree, depending on type, and a relative of the olive tree. Ash trees have an opposite branching structure, with multiple leaflets. Depending on species, ash tree leaves are green, turning yellow or purple-burgundy in the fall. The seeds of the ash tree are winged and when they fall from the tree they tend to spin, giving the seeds a helicopter like characteristic, which is where the seeds get their nickname from, helicopter seeds. An interesting fact about the ash tree is its characteristic agile wood is used to make baseball bats.
Poplar1. Native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. The bark on young trees is smooth, white to greenish or dark grey. on old trees it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections Populus and Aigeiros, the petioles are laterally flattened. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots.
Friday, February 10, 2012
Guns Germs and Steel 2.10.12
You are watching Guns Germs and Steel
Answer the following questions.
1. Who is Jared Diamond?
2. What question was posed to Jared that led him to his research about successful cultures?
3. What are the key factors to being a winning culture? according to Jared.
4. Give 2 examples of winners and 2 examples of losers based on Jared's factors
5. Disease has been a major selective pressure influencing human evolution. According to Jared how did these diseases come to infect
1. Jarod Diamond is a scientist. Specialist in human physiology.
2. Why do white people have so much cargo, but we New Guineans have so little?
3. The key factors of being a winning culture is where you geographically. If you're in a place where there's a good environmnt and crops can grow then you can sell to other culture and as well as domestic animals.
4. Winners were the Middle East becausd of geographically and domesticated animals as well azs the New Guineans. The losers were hunter and gatherers.
5.
5.
Answer the following questions.
1. Who is Jared Diamond?
2. What question was posed to Jared that led him to his research about successful cultures?
3. What are the key factors to being a winning culture? according to Jared.
4. Give 2 examples of winners and 2 examples of losers based on Jared's factors
5. Disease has been a major selective pressure influencing human evolution. According to Jared how did these diseases come to infect
1. Jarod Diamond is a scientist. Specialist in human physiology.
2. Why do white people have so much cargo, but we New Guineans have so little?
3. The key factors of being a winning culture is where you geographically. If you're in a place where there's a good environmnt and crops can grow then you can sell to other culture and as well as domestic animals.
4. Winners were the Middle East becausd of geographically and domesticated animals as well azs the New Guineans. The losers were hunter and gatherers.
5.
5.
Thursday, February 9, 2012
Cordage (2 different techniques to make)
1. Find two different techniques for making cordage. In your posting make sure you either link or embed specific directions for each of the techniques.
For each resource (plants for example) create a description of the resource.
Include:
A. what it looks like (this can be a picture or series of pictures)
B. where can it be found ( a map, a written description)
C. Other uses for this resource
D. Hazards of using this resource (ex, poisonous, has thorns, skin irritation...)
Sinew
-Sinews are tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone or bone to bone; a tendon or ligament.
-A person can't grow sinews, one can find them in animals or at their local grocery store if you ask a meat packer.
-Sinews are very strong so they can hold packages together in tight bonds.
-Sinews aren't hazardous to people.
Hemp
-Hemp is environmentally friendly so one can grow it in his/her back yard with the hemp seeds found in local plant shops.
-Hemp can be used in food with meat as well as medicine for anti-inflammatory medicines.
-Hemp isn't hazardous because it doesn't have a certain chemical that marijuana has so one can't get high from hemp.
Spruce
-Most spruce trees are found in North American but near Canada and Alaska area, which isn't close to New Jersey at all. If you want spruce wood you can buy it in hardware stores or grow one yourself with the spruce seedlings.
-Spruce wood can be burned to heat someone up, it can also be used in food and medicine but the leaves not the wood. As well as the tip of the leaves can make syrup.
-Spruce wood, tree, and leaves aren't harmful. Unless a person is allergic to spruce there shouldn't be any allergic reaction.
- Making cordage from hand, http://www.primitiveways.com/cordage.html
- Making cordage from natural resources such as sinews or dead plants http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/cordage/men79/index.html
For each resource (plants for example) create a description of the resource.
Include:
A. what it looks like (this can be a picture or series of pictures)
B. where can it be found ( a map, a written description)
C. Other uses for this resource
D. Hazards of using this resource (ex, poisonous, has thorns, skin irritation...)
-Sinews are tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone or bone to bone; a tendon or ligament.
-A person can't grow sinews, one can find them in animals or at their local grocery store if you ask a meat packer.
-Sinews are very strong so they can hold packages together in tight bonds.
-Sinews aren't hazardous to people.
Hemp
-Hemp can be used in food with meat as well as medicine for anti-inflammatory medicines.
-Hemp isn't hazardous because it doesn't have a certain chemical that marijuana has so one can't get high from hemp.
Spruce
-Spruce wood can be burned to heat someone up, it can also be used in food and medicine but the leaves not the wood. As well as the tip of the leaves can make syrup.
-Spruce wood, tree, and leaves aren't harmful. Unless a person is allergic to spruce there shouldn't be any allergic reaction.
2.9.12 pages 1-17
-Hominins come from our own species homo sapiens. They were the first people that roamed north Tanzania.
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than
-archaeological research questions will usually focus on specific localities or peoples and attempt to identify
-archaeology also is to identify sites that have remains of extinct species like dinosaurs or hominins
-physical anthropology: the origins of modern species and human variation
-paleoanthropology: study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution shown in fossils
-primate paleontology: subset of paleoanthropology. Study of the primate fossil record which extends back to the beginning of primate evolution 65 million years ago
-paleontologists are learning about diet or locomotion in other species
-in extinct species they can try and identify aspects of behavior
-anthropometry: measurement of human body parts
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code, main component of chromosomes
-osteology: study of skeletal material
-paleopathology: branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal remains from archaeological sties
-forensic anthropology: application of anthropological (osteological, archaeological) techniques to legal issues
-F.A. help identify skeletal remains in situations where a human body has been found
-anatomy: organisms, bones and teeth are intimately linked to the soft tissues that surround and act on them
-primatology: study of living nonhuman primates
-primate species are threatened or endangered
-biocultural anthropology: medical and nutritional anthropology
-cultural part, cultural attributes (gender, religion or ideology), diet and health
-food is a way of expressing identity is another way of cultural anthropology
-health is a product of biological and cultural environments & heritage
-applied anthropology: practical application of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting
-applied anthropology relies on research and theories of academic anthropology
-biomedical anthropology research topics: population variation to disease, relationship between genes, environment, diet and health and evolutionary history of disease
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than
-archaeological research questions will usually focus on specific localities or peoples and attempt to identify
-archaeology also is to identify sites that have remains of extinct species like dinosaurs or hominins
-physical anthropology: the origins of modern species and human variation
-paleoanthropology: study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution shown in fossils
-primate paleontology: subset of paleoanthropology. Study of the primate fossil record which extends back to the beginning of primate evolution 65 million years ago
-paleontologists are learning about diet or locomotion in other species
-in extinct species they can try and identify aspects of behavior
-anthropometry: measurement of human body parts
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code, main component of chromosomes
-osteology: study of skeletal material
-paleopathology: branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal remains from archaeological sties
-forensic anthropology: application of anthropological (osteological, archaeological) techniques to legal issues
-F.A. help identify skeletal remains in situations where a human body has been found
-anatomy: organisms, bones and teeth are intimately linked to the soft tissues that surround and act on them
-primatology: study of living nonhuman primates
-primate species are threatened or endangered
-biocultural anthropology: medical and nutritional anthropology
-cultural part, cultural attributes (gender, religion or ideology), diet and health
-food is a way of expressing identity is another way of cultural anthropology
-health is a product of biological and cultural environments & heritage
-applied anthropology: practical application of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting
-applied anthropology relies on research and theories of academic anthropology
-biomedical anthropology research topics: population variation to disease, relationship between genes, environment, diet and health and evolutionary history of disease
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Primitive Technology (Lithic) 2.7.12
- Lithic: tools that are made from stone
- bow and arrows (http://www.robotwisdom.com/science/sapiens.html)
- Homo sapiens used bow and arrows to hunt with while looking for food for themselves.
- bone tool (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tool)
- Home sapiens used bone tool to cut things with or so make out of fishing hooks to catch fish or as needles and spears to kill animals.
Monday, February 6, 2012
2.6.12 intro to physical anthropology pages 1-14
-Hominins come from our own species homo sapiens. They were the first people that roamed north Tanzania.
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than
Friday, February 3, 2012
Evolution movie 2.3.12
Becoming Human part 1
Pay attention to:
Timeline of evolution
Where the fossils are being found and what piece of human ancestry do they represent?
Conditions that led to the evolution being described.
-Tumai 200 million year old fossil
-The afar, north eastern Ethiopia is where anthropologist are searching for fossils and answers of how we got here
-face of a baby is found (skull embedded in sand) not a chimp, 3.4 million years ago volcanic ash, fossil is younger than that, child 3.3 million years ago, calls the baby skull peace "silam" , shoulder blades almost complete spine and foot were also found, died at 3 because of her adult teeth were in her gums just waiting to come in
-silam has chip like shoulder blades but from the waist down has human like features like Lucy
-fossils tell a story bout the landscape
-was tropIcal not desert like
-bipedalism: walking on 2 legs
-theory of why bipedalism happened to the species (apes): stood up to see above high grass, pick fruit off of tress, saving energy
-chip needs more energy to walk on two feet
-6 million years ago humans derived from chips
-1990s the fossil record was blank but than, 1997 French anthropologist (Michel brunet) went 1600 miles west to find the different fossils
-26th expedition in 2001 found a smash skull
-tumai is what the skull is called
-tumai walked upright because of his eyes. The back of his skull isn't the back of a gorilla. If he walked on all fours than his would face down but if the eyes are upright than the species walked on two feet
-by 3 chips are fully grown and it takes a decade for human brain to fully grow.
-measuring layers they can tell when the climates changed
-silan and Lucy couldn't adapt to the climate change but homo habilis could
-climate change is how our ancestors evolved, they had to adapt to what and how the climate changed
-kangaroos, birds, kangaroos
-Achilles tendions are common with other species that are with bipedalism
-90% was grown for chips brain by age 3 and silam was growing slower
-cop brain deep furrow and small cortex
-the furrow moved back making room for neocortex the thinking part of the brain started to evolve
-first stoned tools: broken in a particular way
-homosexual habilis were the fossils that used stone tools
-Kenya, rocks had environmental change
-huge rock formation made the diatoms (shells of rocks showing that it was once a lake)
-More efficient when we run instead of walking, evidence that our ancestors traveled 60-100 miles a day
-once they became upright our brain became bigger because we were using our hands, brain sized stayed the same because the climate was stable as well
-climate changes, the area gets dried up, so the species need to adapt quickly to become familiar with the new area
-Stone tools are easily preserved
-bipedial and than brain size were the first 2 major theories that started theories about how humans became human
Pay attention to:
Timeline of evolution
Where the fossils are being found and what piece of human ancestry do they represent?
Conditions that led to the evolution being described.
-Tumai 200 million year old fossil
-The afar, north eastern Ethiopia is where anthropologist are searching for fossils and answers of how we got here
-face of a baby is found (skull embedded in sand) not a chimp, 3.4 million years ago volcanic ash, fossil is younger than that, child 3.3 million years ago, calls the baby skull peace "silam" , shoulder blades almost complete spine and foot were also found, died at 3 because of her adult teeth were in her gums just waiting to come in
-silam has chip like shoulder blades but from the waist down has human like features like Lucy
-fossils tell a story bout the landscape
-was tropIcal not desert like
-bipedalism: walking on 2 legs
-theory of why bipedalism happened to the species (apes): stood up to see above high grass, pick fruit off of tress, saving energy
-chip needs more energy to walk on two feet
-6 million years ago humans derived from chips
-1990s the fossil record was blank but than, 1997 French anthropologist (Michel brunet) went 1600 miles west to find the different fossils
-26th expedition in 2001 found a smash skull
-tumai is what the skull is called
-tumai walked upright because of his eyes. The back of his skull isn't the back of a gorilla. If he walked on all fours than his would face down but if the eyes are upright than the species walked on two feet
-by 3 chips are fully grown and it takes a decade for human brain to fully grow.
-measuring layers they can tell when the climates changed
-silan and Lucy couldn't adapt to the climate change but homo habilis could
-climate change is how our ancestors evolved, they had to adapt to what and how the climate changed
-kangaroos, birds, kangaroos
-Achilles tendions are common with other species that are with bipedalism
-90% was grown for chips brain by age 3 and silam was growing slower
-cop brain deep furrow and small cortex
-the furrow moved back making room for neocortex the thinking part of the brain started to evolve
-first stoned tools: broken in a particular way
-homosexual habilis were the fossils that used stone tools
-Kenya, rocks had environmental change
-huge rock formation made the diatoms (shells of rocks showing that it was once a lake)
-More efficient when we run instead of walking, evidence that our ancestors traveled 60-100 miles a day
-once they became upright our brain became bigger because we were using our hands, brain sized stayed the same because the climate was stable as well
-climate changes, the area gets dried up, so the species need to adapt quickly to become familiar with the new area
-Stone tools are easily preserved
-bipedial and than brain size were the first 2 major theories that started theories about how humans became human
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