Modern Human Biology pg. 422-430 5.31.12

Biological determination: the concept that phenomena, including various aspects of behavior are governed by biological factors; the inaccurate association of various behavioral attributes with certain biological traits, such as skin color
-18th-19th century European and American scientists concentrated on classifying biological variation in humans and in nonhuman species.
-Blumenbach, German anatomist classified humans in 5 races: white, yellow, red, black and brown. Also he said that racial categories based on skin color were arbitrary.
Eugenics: the philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of members of some groups and increased reproduction among others; among others; an overly simplified, often racist view that's now discredited.
Polytpyic: referring to species composed of populations that differ int he expression of one or more traits
-certain physical traits are associated with numerous cultural contexts a person's social identity is strongly influenced by the way he or she expresses those physical traits
-skin color highly visible, makes it easy to put someone in a certain category
-sex and age are important, an individuals biological/ethnic background is inevitably a factor that influences how he/she in initially perceived and judged by others
-race can also refer to geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species
-biological anthropologists continue to study differences in traits as skin or eye color because these characteristics and the genes that influence them, can yield information about population adaption, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.
-race isn't a valid concept esp. from a genetic perspective, because the amount of genetic variation that exists within groups
-some physical anthropologist think that race is an outdated creation of the human mind that attempts to simplify biological complexity
Racism 
-false belief: humans inherit such factors as intellect and various cultural attributes
-one group is superior to another
-cultural phenomenon found worldwide
Intelligence
-genetic and environmental factors contribute to intelligence
-limits are broad and the potentials aren't fully known
-product of interaction is learning and ability to learn influenced by genetic and other biological components

Evidence for Evolution

Heidelbergensis vs. Us Social -H. heidelbergensis may have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury their dead. -H. heidelbergensis, like its descendant H. neanderthalensis, acquired a primitive form of language. Red ochre, a mineral that can be used to create a red pigment which is useful as a paint, has been found. Language -The morphology of the outer and middle ear suggests they had an auditory sensitivity similar to modern humans and very different from chimpanzees. They were probably able to differentiate between many different sounds. Dental wear analysis suggests they were as likely to be right-handed as modern people. Hunting -400,000-year-old wooden projectile spears were found at Schöningen in northern Germany. These are thought to have been made by H. erectus or H. heidelbergensis. The lack of projectile weaponry is an indication of different sustenance methods, rather than inferior technology or abilities. Physical -A very large brow ridge, a larger braincase and flatter face than older early human species. It was first early human species to live in colder climates, their ­­­short, wide bodies were a likely adaptation to conserving heat. Also, this human broke new ground; it was the first species to build shelters—creating simple dwellings out of wood and rock. -The bodies of heidelbergensis tended to be compact, as would be expected for people living in cold climates.  This shape reduces the loss of heat.  Male heidelbergensis averaged about 5 feet 9 inches tall and 136 pounds. Females averaged 5 feet 2 inches tall and 112 pounds. This is only slightly smaller than most people today. With an average of 1200 cm.3, heidelbergensis brains were only 10% smaller than people today as well, but their heads did not have a modern appearance.  They had large brow ridges and low foreheads.  Their brain cases also were more elongated from front to back than in Homo sapiens.  In these characteristics, heidelbergensis was still more like Homo erectus than us. http://www.google.com/search?q=heidelbergensis&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&client=safari&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=tTi1T_2IC8aZ6AGz5NTyDw&biw=1024&bih=672&sei=tzi1T9jYA-L56QHHuNkO Comparative Anatomy -Vestigile: Humans -The vermiform appendix is a vestige of the cecum, an organ that would have been used to digest cellulose by humans' herbivorous ancestors. This organ in other animals similar to humans continue to perform that function, whereas other meat-eating animals may have similarly diminished appendices. Some research suggests that the appendix may guard against the loss of symbiotic bacteria that aid in digestion. An alternative explanation would be the possibility that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease. -Heidelbergensis -Loss of bulla in the Hyiod bone from Australopithecus afarensis -Analogous: Humans Vestigile, humans have that and it's an organ that would digest cellulose by humans'. -Heidelbergensis Lost of bulla in the Hyiod bone from Australopithecus afarensis -Embryology: Humans -preformation: the idea that semen contains an embryo — a preformed, miniature infant, or "homunculus" — that simply becomes larger during development. -Heidelbergensis: Because of the radiation of H. heidelbergensis out of Africa and into Europe, the two populations were mostly isolated. Neanderthals diverged from H. heidelbergensis 300,000 years ago in Europe, H. sapiens probably diverged between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa. Such fossils as the Atapuerca skull and the Kabwe skull bear witness to the two branches of the H. heidelbergensis tree. -Biochem(DNA): Humans -Carry out genetic information. -Heidelbergensis:

Out of Africa...and Again?

The article states that in recent evidence that homo erectus could not have been the first to migrate to Africa, that there were earlier hominids instead of homo erectus that started to migrate from Africa.

Becoming Human; Last Human Standing 4/10/12

-replaced by modern humans (neanderthal)
-remains of a 100,000 year old child found
-N. Spain archeological mine
expose ancient human habitation
-entrance to caves--pit of bones
found fragments, thought that there were skeletons
around 30 complete skeletons half a million years old
-evidence that the pit with the bones meant it was ceremonial
hand axe, cortz=believed it was an offering and a symbol
-homo heidelbergensis
-neanderthal fossils; modern humans descended from primitive form
-missing link between us and the apes?
-neanderthal physical similarities like us humans
did they think and act like us?
- Mers valley in Belgium gives us the reason; neanderthal child
jaw bone of a young boy, 100,00 years old
fragments of teeth; almost a complete mouth; put together his life
woodland and valley was his home
learning from his father to become a hunter
-germany leipzig; discovering the jaw
-about 11 or 12 years old; teeth can tell you how old
- child died around 8 years old
- grew up quicker, much less time for brain growth and learning
- less intelligent?
- evidence from skulls: endocasts (impressions in skulls tells us the information)
front of the brain is similar to ours what else?
-neanderthal brain temporal and parietal lobe are smaller than ours
sign of limited thinking powers
-diet
all exclusively meat eaters
no fish
-technology
no throwing spears or arrows
knives, tips of spears
close to prey to kill them=hunting risky
male skeletons have multiple fractures
-lives were tough and short
-skeletons tell they don't live beyond 30
-lasted almost 400,00 years
-25,000 years ago vanished
-Africa; droughts turned the area into deserts
-ancient population crashes; bottle neck effect
-lack of human diversity in DNA, wiped out
-few individuals make it through the bottle neck, but missing most of the population
-all people from earth are descendants from a small population in Africa
-hunting for shell fish
gathering berries
-stone tools
long thin blades
heating it improved it's duration
-stone tools aren't just cutting things but carrying information about the owner(s)
-shells with holes, believed to use them as necklaces, wearing ornaments and painting their bodies
-culture is the storehouse of our complex ways of thinking
"pass it on to our children like we do our genes"
-evolution will increase

Fishing techniques 3/27/12

1. A. The Inuit
2. http://www.ehow.com/list_6789215_inuit-fishing-tools.html
3. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_inuit3.html
4. The Inuit made fishing lures, which were made out of bone, shell and antler. Traditional Inuit spinner lures were made from thin, highly polished pieces of shell or bone joined in the center by a carved link. When dragged through the water on a hand line, the spinning rear segment mimics the movement of salmon fry, a favorite prey animal of the Arctic char. The Inuits also used nets which were woven from sinews and thinly sliced leather. Weighted by stones on the bottom, the nets were fitted with seal bladder or dried wood floats along the top, which creates an effective trap for large-scale fishing. Hand nets, also common among the Inuit, used for hauling large fish into boats or skimming fry from the surface. Woven in a bag-like shape with a wide opening and tapering bottom, hand nets were sometimes held open by a bone or wooden hoop.The Inuits also used harpoons and spears which can be used all year round. Harpoons and spears differ in certain ways,harpoons have a detachable projectile head that is fastened to the shaft handle or a hand-held line. Carved from walrus ivory, Inuit harpoon heads detach in the deep muscle tissue and bone of an animal, allowing them to thrash in the water until subdued and clubbed to death. Spears, are a one-piece instrument with an attached point. Best used in shallow water, spears are meant to inflict a killing blow to the heart or brainpan. Both were used equally by the Inuit, with many regional variations and species-specific designs.
5. The Inuit cooked the meat so it was freshly eaten, since there wasn't a lot of storage they dried the meat to preserve it. Another method was freezing it to save it. In the summer they smoke the fish, peat bog moss.

B. The Yanomamo

1. http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/yanomami/wayoflife
2. Both men and women fish, and timbó or fish poison is used in communal fishing trips. Groups of men, women and children pound up bundles of vines which are floated on the water. The liquid stuns the fish which rise to the water’s surface and are scooped up in baskets. They use nine species of vine just for fish poisoning.

C. Inca

1. http://books.google.com/books?id=FlBpZDF7-XUC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=inca+fishing+net&source=bl&ots=zjNsR97cRo&sig=nQt8Q9nfiEZoD0ytifOHcJ39Y8k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v_txT_7uMemI0QG_hdmMAg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=inca%20fishing%20net&f=false
2. http://www.localhistories.org/inca.html
3. The Inca used fishing hook and nets to catch the fish. The hooks were made out of copper and the nets out of cotton. On the rivers the Inca used barbasco which is a plant like a liana, when crushed and put into the water it makes the fish go crazy and they'll float on the water as if they're dead. 
4. In the lowlands the staple food was maize. In the highlands it was potatoes. Incas also ate peppers, tomatoes and avocadoes. They also ate peanuts and a grain called quinoa.
   Llamas and alpacas were kept for wool and for carrying loads but they sometimes provided meat. Incas also ate guinea pigs. They also fished and ate birds. However for most Incas meat was a luxury.
   Incas drank a fermented drink called chicha. Ordinary Incas drank from bowls carved from gourds. Rich Incas drank from pottery vessels or even ones made from gold or silver.

Huaraches

Tarahumara 3/21/12

The Tarahumara were a Native American tribe that were widely known for their long distance running. They live in northwestern Mexico. The Tarahumaras originated from Chichuahua and then started living up near Copper Canyon and Sierre Madre Occidental.   The Tarahumara diet consists of no meat just carbohydrates. They eat approximately 10 percent proteins, 10 percent fat, and 80 percent complex carbohydrate. Running helped the Tarahumaras because it let them  communicate to other villages, hunt and transport themselves anywhere they needed to go. Running to the Tarahumara is a game, and it isn't taught. All the men race against each other and whoever wins receives higher status in the community. Before races they smoke and drink to have a little fun beforehand. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumara_people

http://www.lehigh.edu/~dmd1/art.html

Technologies related to running

Footwear;Technology Tuesday 3/20/12

Tarahumara-Huaraches

These shoes are sandals and originated from Chihuahana in Mexico. It provided thermal protection for the people wearing them throughout the seasons. Now the materials that are used to make this sandal are now used to make tires. 
http://www.stevenrobbinsmd.com/minimalist-shoes/footwear---historical-perspective




Inuit-Mukluks

Mukluks are a type of boot that are usually made out of reindeer and seal skin and worn by people in the Arctic such as the Inuit and Yupik. The word comes from maklak the bearded seal from the Yupik language. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluk


Algonquin-Moccasin
Moccasins were made out of soft leather stitched together by sinews during the time of the Algonquins. It was also a sturdy slipper. 

http://www.native-languages.org/moccasins.htm

"Alien from Earth" 3/16/12

what was found at the site?
initial hypothesis? (2005 film)
2008 a lot of other hypothesis came up, how did they get these new hypothesis? 
-new information how did it get uncovered?


Flores, Indonesia villagers talked about little people of the forest
-thick eye brows, very small
-called "the eden gogo"
-found a skull
-the teeth showed that the individual was a female and an adult
-homo florensis was very small, hypothesis: one of us but a growth disease, microcenphilization
-brain cavity not like ours
-australian said no: h. florensis=ice age ended the water rose and didn't have a lot of nutrients and food to eat so people shrink
hypothesis: such a little brain (1/3 our size) could make stone tools, vastly different, width vs. depth and height.
little people ate kymoto dragons (weigh up to 500 lbs, spit contains bacteria that will eat your flesh)
-discovered 7 different fragments
-little people were alive during modern times
-little people+big people shared the island over 30,000 years
-wiped out by a major volcanic eruption about 12,000 years ago
or could they still exist?
-highly improbable but there could still be little people existing


2008 film
-20 ft down found a little arm bone
-possibly a human tooth found
-wisdom teeth exposed and worn mininature adult barely 3 ft. tall
-called the "hobbit"
-12 fragments, complete lower jaw, surrounding them pigmy elephants and stone tools
inferred that these people hunted and used fire
-how old the bones: 10,000-95,000 years
-hobbits brain differs from the microcephalic brain
brain shape is very different
-protruding frontal lobes
-need DNA evidence
-DNA would settle if it were a diseased hominid or a new species
-Premolars were similar (2 individuals living thousands of years apart were infected with the same disease or they were the same species)
-the teeth are nearly human in size but the front to back dimension of every tooth has been shortened
-carpals reveal changes in species
-bone was triangular and clearly not human
-island effect never known to shrink a human brain
-difference: dealing with a different kind of species than a human or chip
-fitting the bone at the base of lucy's spine and the hobbits pelvis
-pieces of the skeleton fit together so easily
-hobbit be a descendent from Lucy?
-the hobbit is a new species, what will that mean?
-in roder to make the stone tools the hobbit needed to know how to. what they found of the stone tools were very sophisticated.
-argument: homo erectus from Asian not Africa

Chapter 12 3.12.12

-All early hominins were restricted to Africa
-discovery of fossils now referred to as homo erectus
-grade: a grouping of organisms sharing a similar adaptive pattern, it isn't necessarily based on closeness of evolutionary relationship but it does contrast organisms in a useful way
-homo erectus populations lived in different environments
-shared a similar common trait: body size, brain size, & cranial shape
body size: some homo erectus adults weighed over 100 lbs, average height was 5''6, increased height and weight=dramatic increase in robusticity
brain size: range from 500-800 cm for homo sapiens but homo erectus 700-1250 cm
cranial size: distinctive shape, ramifications of heavy built cranium are reflected in thick cranial bone, large brow ridges, and projecting nuchal torus at the rear of the skull. Cranium is wider at the base compared with earlier homo and later homo species of genus.
-Dmanisi: republic of Georgia produced several individuals
Dmanisi crania are similar to homo erectus
less robust and thinner browridge, projecting lower face and relatively large upper canine
-Acheulian: pertaining to a stone tool industry from the Early and Middle Pleistocene; characterized by a large proportion of bifacial tools (flakes on both sides). Tool kits are common in Africa, SW Asia and western Europe but less common elsewhere.
-Pleistocene: the epoch of the cenozoic from 1.8 mya until 10,000 ya. Also known as teh Ice Age, associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes
-Homo erectus from Indonesia
-along Solo River, skullcap found, near the town of Trinil
-fossil that has become the first recognized human ancestor
-human femur found
-Homo erectus from China
-Zhoukoudian was the site where the bones were found
-1920s a skull was found
-belong to a juvenile, it was thick, low and small, no doubt it belonged to an early hominin
-unusual preservation have been offered: ritualistic treatment or cannibalism, left over remains of the meals of giant hyenas
-remains belong to upward 40 adults and children together

-tools are usually shapeless and overtime become more refined
-Zhoukoudian were described as hunter-gatherers who killed deer, horses, and other animals and gathered fruits, berries and ostrich eggs

-Asian and African Homo erectus: A comparison
-cranial bones aren't as thick, aren't as strongly buttressed at the brow ridge and nuchal torus

-specimens found in Spain and Italy
-In Atapuerca was the earliest find dates to 1.2 mya, oldest hominin found in W. Europe
-partial jaw with a few teeth
-close analysis shows it resembles the Dmanisi fossils
-S. Europe, well-preserved cranium from the Ceprano site in central Italy
-cranium important date between 900,000 and 800,000 ya
-Oldowan tools which were taken to Dmanisi and Java and now Acheulian
-biface had a flatter shape than seen in the rounder earlier Oldowan cores
-raw materials being transferred frequently
-homo erectus remains have been found in Africa, Europe and Asia dating back to 1.8 mya
-homo erectus first appeared in E. Africa and later migrated to other areas
-certain homo erectus populations evolved into later premodern humans  which than turned into homo sapiens

Becoming Human 3.9.12

Major changes to artopithicus to the genious

-Leakey found tercamamour
-skeleton is human
hips wider
arms longer
mostly human body shaped
-8 years old
-his growth rate was closer to chimps than humans
-chimps childhood is shorter than humans
-chimps evolving from humans are childhood became longer
-mystery of prolonged childhood?
related to brain size
biggest brain in the animal kingdom
long slow childhood gives brains time to grow
^advantages for us
-tercamamour
900 cubic centimeters
along the way to talk like us
-fragments of scar making from homo rectus
could see which would break against the rock
-bigger brain came with human costs
-brain hungriest part in the body need a lot of calories
-tercamamour needed more food, needs plants and meat
-how did he get his meat?
-run long distance, keep cool by sweating=key to success
-pubic lice is related to gorillas
-3 million years ago (slowly begun to loose body hair)
-need fire to survive
-became social because sitting around fire waiting for food to cook helped to communicate
-homo rectus mother+child vs. chip mother+child
chips no moment without contact
-human mothers leave their child more often than in other apes
-human mothers share with others
-infants look for signs of commitment
-left Africa millions of years ago but might've started earlier than that
-lower jaw found ancient denis (hominid, primitive form of homo rectus)
first humans to leave Africa were more primitive than tercamamour
smaller than tercamamour, small brains, ape like features
5000 from Africa (Indonesia) found bones of tiny human (over 3 ft tall), called homo floresiensis *hobbit*
hobbit's brain size is very small but had stone tools
-island dwarfism
limited amount of food some large animals start shrinking
-part bipedal like lucy and part homo rectus
-likely died in water since his skeleton is so complete
-

Bipedalism 2.28.12

1. Why did we end up bipedal?
Because of the way hominids were placing their weight when they walked and the erect body posture. The human mode of locomotion is most clearly shown in our striding gait, where weight is alternately placed on a single fully extended hind limb. This locomotion developed to a point where energy levels ae used to near peak efficiency.

2. What adaptations do modern humans have that allow them to be bipedal?
Foramen magnum is repositioned farther underneath the skull so that the head is more or less balanced on the spine. The spine has two curves, thoracic and lumbar which helped keep the weight centered on the pelvis. Also over time, our pelvis is shaped like a basin to support internal organs.

3. Compare how chimps and humans walk
For humans our limbs elongated and 20% of our height compromises in our thigh while chips only 11% does. For humans our arch in our feet allow us to absorb shock and add spring while we walk.

4.What are the advantages to walking bipedally?
Being bipedal gives us the advantage of being efficient. It's less weight on the knuckles and saves us energy. When walking on hard surfaces there's little muscle movement. Also walking up straight allows you to pick your head up and let's a person see more of what their surroundings are. Lastly freeing up your hands so you can carry more things, also it's making your hands useful for yourself and then you can reach things that would be out of reach if you were walking on all fours.

Dating pg. 282-289 2.22.12

Paleoanthropology in Action
-3 processes of geological rifting

1. faulting, or earth movement
2. active volcanic processes cause rapid sedimentation, which often yields excellent preservation of bone and artifacts that normally would be scattered by carnivore activity and erosion forces
3. volcanic activity provides a wealth of radiometrically datable material

-chronometric dating: dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years; also known as absolute dating
-stratigraphy: study of the sequential layering of deposits
-principle of superposition: stratigraphic sequence, the lower layers were deposited before the upper layers, simply put the tuff on top of a heap was put there last
-half-life: time period in which one-half the amount of radioactive isotope is converted chemically to a daughter product.
-thermoluminiscience (TL): technique for dating certain archaeological materials (i.e. stone tools) that were heated in the past and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating
Relative Dating

• i.e. stratigraphy, fluorine dating
• methodological basis: provides a sequence only; i.e. no estimates in actual number of years

Chronometric Dating

• i.e. K/Ar, radiocarbon, fission-track
• methodological basis: most techniques* are radiometric; i.e. study decay of radioactive isotope provides estimate in actual number of years
• *chronometric techniques that are nonradiometric inclue tree-ring dating (scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree-rings)

-paleomagnetism: dating method based on the earth's shifting magnetic pole
-biostratigraphy: dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as presence or absence of particular species

Geological Dating
Types absolute vs relative
What is half life and how is it useful in geological dating?
What the the key radiometric datable materials that are useful for paleoanthropologists? What are their half lives? What makes these useful vs other types of radioactive material?
Why are volcanoes useful in this process?
How can the geology of one area be useful in identifying the age of an area in a different part of the world?

Making glue & fish hooks 2.22.12

-pine sap
-made of collogen (sugar and protein)

Technology Research 2.14.12

In your post you must address the following
1. How can you identify the resource?
what does it look like?
Does it look that way year round?  If not how can you identify it during different times?
2. What is the range for this resource? Where can I find it in the United States?
3. What would native populations used these resources for?
Do they have medicinal value?
Can they be used to make fire?
Can you make a container, cordage, digging stick some other primitive technology with this resource?
4. Are there any hazards to this resource?
Is it poisonous if ingested? Can it cause a rash? does it smell bad? something like that.

• • Red cedar
    1. The bark is reddish-brown, fibrous, and peels off in narrow strips. The leaves are of two types; sharp, spreading needle-like juvenile leaves 5–10 cm long, and tightly adpressed scale-like adult leaves 2–4 mm 

    long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or occasionally whorls of three. 
    2. A species of juniper native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, east of the Great Plains
    3. If correctly prepared, it makes excellent English longbows, flatbows, and Native American sinew-backed bows or fence posts [more modern]. The cones are used to flavor gin and as a kidney medicine.
    4. It sheds pollen which people can be allergic to.
    
    Osage Orange
    1. Small deciduous tree or large shrub, typically growing to 8–15 metres tall. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants.
    2. Occurred historically in the Red River drainage of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas and in the Blackland Prairies, Post Oak Savannas, and Chisos Mountains of Texas.
    3.Tool handles, treenails, fence posts, electrical insulators, and other applications requiring a strong dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot. Straight-grained osage timber (most is knotty and twisted) makes very good bows.
    4.Today, the fruit is sometimes used to deter spiders, cockroaches, boxelder bugs, crickets, fleas, and other arthropods.
• Willow

  • 1. Found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Willows are very cross-fertile, and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation. Willows all have abundant, watery bark, sap which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches, and large, and fibrous.  

    The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity to life, and roots readily grow from aerial parts of the plant.The leaves are typically elongated, but may also be round to oval, frequently with a serrated margin. 
    
    
    Ash
    1. The ash tree is a strong, medium to very large tree, depending on type, and a relative of the olive tree. Ash trees have an opposite branching structure, with multiple leaflets. Depending on species, ash tree leaves are green, turning yellow or purple-burgundy in the fall. The seeds of the ash tree are winged and when they fall from the tree they tend to spin, giving the seeds a helicopter like characteristic, which is where the seeds get their nickname from, helicopter seeds. An interesting fact about the ash tree is its characteristic agile wood is used to make baseball bats.
    
    Poplar
    1. Native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. The bark on young trees is smooth, white to greenish or dark grey. on old trees it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections Populus and Aigeiros, the petioles are laterally flattened. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots.

Guns Germs and Steel 2.10.12

You are watching Guns Germs and Steel

Answer the following questions.

1. Who is Jared Diamond?
2. What question was posed to Jared that led him to his research about successful cultures?
3. What are the key factors to being a winning culture? according to Jared.
4. Give 2 examples of winners and 2 examples of losers based on Jared's factors
5. Disease has been a major selective pressure influencing human evolution. According to Jared how did these diseases come to infect

1. Jarod Diamond is a scientist. Specialist in human physiology.
2. Why do white people have so much cargo, but we New Guineans have so little?
3. The key factors of being a winning culture is where you geographically. If you're in a place where there's a good environmnt and crops can grow then you can sell to other culture and as well as domestic animals.
4. Winners were the Middle East becausd of geographically and domesticated animals as well azs the New Guineans. The losers were hunter and gatherers.
5.
5.

Cordage (2 different techniques to make)

1. Find two different techniques for making cordage. In your posting make sure you either link or embed specific directions for each of the techniques.

1. Making cordage from hand, http://www.primitiveways.com/cordage.html
2. Making cordage from natural resources such as sinews or dead plants http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/cordage/men79/index.html

2. Create a list of the locally available resources that can be used for cordage production.
For each resource (plants for example) create a description of the resource.
Include:
A. what it looks like (this can be a picture or series of pictures)
B. where can it be found ( a map, a written description)
C. Other uses for this resource
D. Hazards of using this resource (ex, poisonous, has thorns, skin irritation...)

Sinew 
-Sinews are tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone or bone to bone; a tendon or ligament.
-A person can't grow sinews, one can find them in animals or at their local grocery store if you ask a meat packer.
-Sinews are very strong so they can hold packages together in tight bonds.
-Sinews aren't hazardous to people. 










Hemp

-Hemp is environmentally friendly so one can grow it in his/her back yard with the hemp seeds found in local plant shops.
-Hemp can be used in food with meat as well as medicine for anti-inflammatory medicines.
-Hemp isn't hazardous because it doesn't have a certain chemical that marijuana has so one can't get high from hemp.


















Spruce

-Most spruce trees are found in North American but near Canada and Alaska area, which isn't close to New Jersey at all. If you want spruce wood you can buy it in hardware stores or grow one yourself with the spruce seedlings.
-Spruce wood can be burned to heat someone up, it can also be used in food and medicine but the leaves not the wood. As well as the tip of the leaves can make syrup.
-Spruce wood, tree, and leaves aren't harmful. Unless a person is allergic to spruce there shouldn't be any allergic reaction. 

2.9.12 pages 1-17

-Hominins come from our own species homo sapiens. They were the first people that roamed north Tanzania.
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than
-archaeological research questions will usually focus on specific localities or peoples and attempt to identify
-archaeology also is to identify sites that have remains of extinct species like dinosaurs or hominins
-physical anthropology: the origins of modern species and human variation
-paleoanthropology: study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution shown in fossils
-primate paleontology: subset of paleoanthropology. Study of the primate fossil record which extends back to the beginning of primate evolution 65 million years ago
-paleontologists are learning about diet or locomotion in other species
-in extinct species they can try and identify aspects of behavior
-anthropometry: measurement of human body parts
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code, main component of chromosomes
-osteology: study of skeletal material
-paleopathology: branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal remains from archaeological sties
-forensic anthropology: application of anthropological (osteological, archaeological) techniques to legal issues
-F.A. help identify skeletal remains in situations where a human body has been found
-anatomy: organisms, bones and teeth are intimately linked to the soft tissues that surround and act on them
-primatology: study of living nonhuman primates
-primate species are threatened or endangered
-biocultural anthropology: medical and nutritional anthropology
-cultural part, cultural attributes (gender, religion or ideology), diet and health
-food is a way of expressing identity is another way of cultural anthropology
-health is a product of biological and cultural environments & heritage
-applied anthropology: practical application of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting
-applied anthropology relies on research and theories of academic anthropology
-biomedical anthropology research topics: population variation to disease, relationship between genes, environment, diet and health and evolutionary history of disease

Primitive Technology (Lithic) 2.7.12

• Lithic: tools that are made from stone
• bow and arrows (http://www.robotwisdom.com/science/sapiens.html)
• Homo sapiens used bow and arrows to hunt with while looking for food for themselves. 

• bone tool (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tool)
• Home sapiens used bone tool to cut things with or so make out of fishing hooks to catch fish or as needles and spears to kill animals.

2.6.12 intro to physical anthropology pages 1-14

-Hominins come from our own species homo sapiens. They were the first people that roamed north Tanzania.
-footprints were found showing that two individuals one smaller than the other and walking side by side
-bipedally: on two feet walking habitually on two legs
-species: group of organisms at can in tee reed to produce fertile offspring.
-anthropology: field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology;includes cultural, archaeology, linguistic and physical
Primates: members of the order of mammals primates including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and humans
-some humans have thoughts about what other species think and what they're feeling are and why do some chips look like us
-evolution: a change in the genetic structure of a population. Term used to the appearance of a new species
-adaption: becoming use to ones surroundings
-genetic: study of gene structure and actions of patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
-culture: behavioural aspects of human adaption (technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage and social roles)
-worldview: general culture orientation or perspective shared by members of a society
-culture isn't passed on from one generation to the next
-culture is learned, begins at birth
-humans are products of culture
-humans are the results of long term interactions between biology and culture: bicultural evolution
-bicultural evolution: mutual interaction evolution of Hunan biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
-applied anthropology: applying anthropology and archaeological threes and techniques
-4 main subfields: cultural or social, anthropology; linguistic anthropology; archeology; and physical or biological, anthropology
-cultural anthropology: study of global patterns of belief and behavior found in human cultures in the past and present
-ethnographies: detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Study of non-western society
-subsistence strategies: activities and behavioral patterns aimed at obtaining food. Hunting, gathering wild plant foods, agriculture and raising domesticated animals for meat and other products
-linguistic anthropology: study of human languages and speech. Origins of the language in general as well as specific languages
-examining similarities between contemporary languages, linguistic could possibly trace historical ties between languages and groups of languages
-archaeology: study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologists who are trained in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of remains of past societies
-collect information from artefacts and structures left behind by earlier societies
-sites are excavated to have knowledge about the human behaviour back than

Evolution movie 2.3.12

Becoming Human part 1
Pay attention to:
Timeline of evolution
Where the fossils are being found and what piece of human ancestry do they represent?
Conditions that led to the evolution being described.

-Tumai 200 million year old fossil
-The afar, north eastern Ethiopia is where anthropologist are searching for fossils and answers of how we got here
-face of a baby is found (skull embedded in sand) not a chimp, 3.4 million years ago volcanic ash, fossil is younger than that, child 3.3 million years ago, calls the baby skull peace "silam" , shoulder blades almost complete spine and foot were also found, died at 3 because of her adult teeth were in her gums just waiting to come in
-silam has chip like shoulder blades but from the waist down has human like features like Lucy
-fossils tell a story bout the landscape
-was tropIcal not desert like
-bipedalism: walking on 2 legs
-theory of why bipedalism happened to the species (apes): stood up to see above high grass, pick fruit off of tress, saving energy
-chip needs more energy to walk on two feet
-6 million years ago humans derived from chips
-1990s the fossil record was blank but than, 1997 French anthropologist (Michel brunet) went 1600 miles west to find the different fossils
-26th expedition in 2001 found a smash skull
-tumai is what the skull is called
-tumai walked upright because of his eyes. The back of his skull isn't the back of a gorilla. If he walked on all fours than his would face down but if the eyes are upright than the species walked on two feet
-by 3 chips are fully grown and it takes a decade for human brain to fully grow.
-measuring layers they can tell when the climates changed
-silan and Lucy couldn't adapt to the climate change but homo habilis could
-climate change is how our ancestors evolved, they had to adapt to what and how the climate changed
-kangaroos, birds, kangaroos
-Achilles tendions are common with other species that are with bipedalism
-90% was grown for chips brain by age 3 and silam was growing slower
-cop brain deep furrow and small cortex
-the furrow moved back making room for neocortex the thinking part of the brain started to evolve
-first stoned tools: broken in a particular way
-homosexual habilis were the fossils that used stone tools
-Kenya, rocks had environmental change
-huge rock formation made the diatoms (shells of rocks showing that it was once a lake)
-More efficient when we run instead of walking, evidence that our ancestors traveled 60-100 miles a day
-once they became upright our brain became bigger because we were using our hands, brain sized stayed the same because the climate was stable as well
-climate changes, the area gets dried up, so the species need to adapt quickly to become familiar with the new area
-Stone tools are easily preserved
-bipedial and than brain size were the first 2 major theories that started theories about how humans became human