Fishing techniques 3/27/12

1. A. The Inuit
2. http://www.ehow.com/list_6789215_inuit-fishing-tools.html
3. http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_inuit3.html
4. The Inuit made fishing lures, which were made out of bone, shell and antler. Traditional Inuit spinner lures were made from thin, highly polished pieces of shell or bone joined in the center by a carved link. When dragged through the water on a hand line, the spinning rear segment mimics the movement of salmon fry, a favorite prey animal of the Arctic char. The Inuits also used nets which were woven from sinews and thinly sliced leather. Weighted by stones on the bottom, the nets were fitted with seal bladder or dried wood floats along the top, which creates an effective trap for large-scale fishing. Hand nets, also common among the Inuit, used for hauling large fish into boats or skimming fry from the surface. Woven in a bag-like shape with a wide opening and tapering bottom, hand nets were sometimes held open by a bone or wooden hoop.The Inuits also used harpoons and spears which can be used all year round. Harpoons and spears differ in certain ways,harpoons have a detachable projectile head that is fastened to the shaft handle or a hand-held line. Carved from walrus ivory, Inuit harpoon heads detach in the deep muscle tissue and bone of an animal, allowing them to thrash in the water until subdued and clubbed to death. Spears, are a one-piece instrument with an attached point. Best used in shallow water, spears are meant to inflict a killing blow to the heart or brainpan. Both were used equally by the Inuit, with many regional variations and species-specific designs.
5. The Inuit cooked the meat so it was freshly eaten, since there wasn't a lot of storage they dried the meat to preserve it. Another method was freezing it to save it. In the summer they smoke the fish, peat bog moss.

B. The Yanomamo

1. http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/yanomami/wayoflife
2. Both men and women fish, and timbó or fish poison is used in communal fishing trips. Groups of men, women and children pound up bundles of vines which are floated on the water. The liquid stuns the fish which rise to the water’s surface and are scooped up in baskets. They use nine species of vine just for fish poisoning.

C. Inca

1. http://books.google.com/books?id=FlBpZDF7-XUC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=inca+fishing+net&source=bl&ots=zjNsR97cRo&sig=nQt8Q9nfiEZoD0ytifOHcJ39Y8k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v_txT_7uMemI0QG_hdmMAg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=inca%20fishing%20net&f=false
2. http://www.localhistories.org/inca.html
3. The Inca used fishing hook and nets to catch the fish. The hooks were made out of copper and the nets out of cotton. On the rivers the Inca used barbasco which is a plant like a liana, when crushed and put into the water it makes the fish go crazy and they'll float on the water as if they're dead. 
4. In the lowlands the staple food was maize. In the highlands it was potatoes. Incas also ate peppers, tomatoes and avocadoes. They also ate peanuts and a grain called quinoa.
   Llamas and alpacas were kept for wool and for carrying loads but they sometimes provided meat. Incas also ate guinea pigs. They also fished and ate birds. However for most Incas meat was a luxury.
   Incas drank a fermented drink called chicha. Ordinary Incas drank from bowls carved from gourds. Rich Incas drank from pottery vessels or even ones made from gold or silver.

Huaraches

Tarahumara 3/21/12

The Tarahumara were a Native American tribe that were widely known for their long distance running. They live in northwestern Mexico. The Tarahumaras originated from Chichuahua and then started living up near Copper Canyon and Sierre Madre Occidental.   The Tarahumara diet consists of no meat just carbohydrates. They eat approximately 10 percent proteins, 10 percent fat, and 80 percent complex carbohydrate. Running helped the Tarahumaras because it let them  communicate to other villages, hunt and transport themselves anywhere they needed to go. Running to the Tarahumara is a game, and it isn't taught. All the men race against each other and whoever wins receives higher status in the community. Before races they smoke and drink to have a little fun beforehand. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumara_people

http://www.lehigh.edu/~dmd1/art.html

Technologies related to running

Footwear;Technology Tuesday 3/20/12

Tarahumara-Huaraches

These shoes are sandals and originated from Chihuahana in Mexico. It provided thermal protection for the people wearing them throughout the seasons. Now the materials that are used to make this sandal are now used to make tires. 
http://www.stevenrobbinsmd.com/minimalist-shoes/footwear---historical-perspective




Inuit-Mukluks

Mukluks are a type of boot that are usually made out of reindeer and seal skin and worn by people in the Arctic such as the Inuit and Yupik. The word comes from maklak the bearded seal from the Yupik language. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluk


Algonquin-Moccasin
Moccasins were made out of soft leather stitched together by sinews during the time of the Algonquins. It was also a sturdy slipper. 

http://www.native-languages.org/moccasins.htm

"Alien from Earth" 3/16/12

what was found at the site?
initial hypothesis? (2005 film)
2008 a lot of other hypothesis came up, how did they get these new hypothesis? 
-new information how did it get uncovered?


Flores, Indonesia villagers talked about little people of the forest
-thick eye brows, very small
-called "the eden gogo"
-found a skull
-the teeth showed that the individual was a female and an adult
-homo florensis was very small, hypothesis: one of us but a growth disease, microcenphilization
-brain cavity not like ours
-australian said no: h. florensis=ice age ended the water rose and didn't have a lot of nutrients and food to eat so people shrink
hypothesis: such a little brain (1/3 our size) could make stone tools, vastly different, width vs. depth and height.
little people ate kymoto dragons (weigh up to 500 lbs, spit contains bacteria that will eat your flesh)
-discovered 7 different fragments
-little people were alive during modern times
-little people+big people shared the island over 30,000 years
-wiped out by a major volcanic eruption about 12,000 years ago
or could they still exist?
-highly improbable but there could still be little people existing


2008 film
-20 ft down found a little arm bone
-possibly a human tooth found
-wisdom teeth exposed and worn mininature adult barely 3 ft. tall
-called the "hobbit"
-12 fragments, complete lower jaw, surrounding them pigmy elephants and stone tools
inferred that these people hunted and used fire
-how old the bones: 10,000-95,000 years
-hobbits brain differs from the microcephalic brain
brain shape is very different
-protruding frontal lobes
-need DNA evidence
-DNA would settle if it were a diseased hominid or a new species
-Premolars were similar (2 individuals living thousands of years apart were infected with the same disease or they were the same species)
-the teeth are nearly human in size but the front to back dimension of every tooth has been shortened
-carpals reveal changes in species
-bone was triangular and clearly not human
-island effect never known to shrink a human brain
-difference: dealing with a different kind of species than a human or chip
-fitting the bone at the base of lucy's spine and the hobbits pelvis
-pieces of the skeleton fit together so easily
-hobbit be a descendent from Lucy?
-the hobbit is a new species, what will that mean?
-in roder to make the stone tools the hobbit needed to know how to. what they found of the stone tools were very sophisticated.
-argument: homo erectus from Asian not Africa

Chapter 12 3.12.12

-All early hominins were restricted to Africa
-discovery of fossils now referred to as homo erectus
-grade: a grouping of organisms sharing a similar adaptive pattern, it isn't necessarily based on closeness of evolutionary relationship but it does contrast organisms in a useful way
-homo erectus populations lived in different environments
-shared a similar common trait: body size, brain size, & cranial shape
body size: some homo erectus adults weighed over 100 lbs, average height was 5''6, increased height and weight=dramatic increase in robusticity
brain size: range from 500-800 cm for homo sapiens but homo erectus 700-1250 cm
cranial size: distinctive shape, ramifications of heavy built cranium are reflected in thick cranial bone, large brow ridges, and projecting nuchal torus at the rear of the skull. Cranium is wider at the base compared with earlier homo and later homo species of genus.
-Dmanisi: republic of Georgia produced several individuals
Dmanisi crania are similar to homo erectus
less robust and thinner browridge, projecting lower face and relatively large upper canine
-Acheulian: pertaining to a stone tool industry from the Early and Middle Pleistocene; characterized by a large proportion of bifacial tools (flakes on both sides). Tool kits are common in Africa, SW Asia and western Europe but less common elsewhere.
-Pleistocene: the epoch of the cenozoic from 1.8 mya until 10,000 ya. Also known as teh Ice Age, associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes
-Homo erectus from Indonesia
-along Solo River, skullcap found, near the town of Trinil
-fossil that has become the first recognized human ancestor
-human femur found
-Homo erectus from China
-Zhoukoudian was the site where the bones were found
-1920s a skull was found
-belong to a juvenile, it was thick, low and small, no doubt it belonged to an early hominin
-unusual preservation have been offered: ritualistic treatment or cannibalism, left over remains of the meals of giant hyenas
-remains belong to upward 40 adults and children together

-tools are usually shapeless and overtime become more refined
-Zhoukoudian were described as hunter-gatherers who killed deer, horses, and other animals and gathered fruits, berries and ostrich eggs

-Asian and African Homo erectus: A comparison
-cranial bones aren't as thick, aren't as strongly buttressed at the brow ridge and nuchal torus

-specimens found in Spain and Italy
-In Atapuerca was the earliest find dates to 1.2 mya, oldest hominin found in W. Europe
-partial jaw with a few teeth
-close analysis shows it resembles the Dmanisi fossils
-S. Europe, well-preserved cranium from the Ceprano site in central Italy
-cranium important date between 900,000 and 800,000 ya
-Oldowan tools which were taken to Dmanisi and Java and now Acheulian
-biface had a flatter shape than seen in the rounder earlier Oldowan cores
-raw materials being transferred frequently
-homo erectus remains have been found in Africa, Europe and Asia dating back to 1.8 mya
-homo erectus first appeared in E. Africa and later migrated to other areas
-certain homo erectus populations evolved into later premodern humans  which than turned into homo sapiens

Becoming Human 3.9.12

Major changes to artopithicus to the genious

-Leakey found tercamamour
-skeleton is human
hips wider
arms longer
mostly human body shaped
-8 years old
-his growth rate was closer to chimps than humans
-chimps childhood is shorter than humans
-chimps evolving from humans are childhood became longer
-mystery of prolonged childhood?
related to brain size
biggest brain in the animal kingdom
long slow childhood gives brains time to grow
^advantages for us
-tercamamour
900 cubic centimeters
along the way to talk like us
-fragments of scar making from homo rectus
could see which would break against the rock
-bigger brain came with human costs
-brain hungriest part in the body need a lot of calories
-tercamamour needed more food, needs plants and meat
-how did he get his meat?
-run long distance, keep cool by sweating=key to success
-pubic lice is related to gorillas
-3 million years ago (slowly begun to loose body hair)
-need fire to survive
-became social because sitting around fire waiting for food to cook helped to communicate
-homo rectus mother+child vs. chip mother+child
chips no moment without contact
-human mothers leave their child more often than in other apes
-human mothers share with others
-infants look for signs of commitment
-left Africa millions of years ago but might've started earlier than that
-lower jaw found ancient denis (hominid, primitive form of homo rectus)
first humans to leave Africa were more primitive than tercamamour
smaller than tercamamour, small brains, ape like features
5000 from Africa (Indonesia) found bones of tiny human (over 3 ft tall), called homo floresiensis *hobbit*
hobbit's brain size is very small but had stone tools
-island dwarfism
limited amount of food some large animals start shrinking
-part bipedal like lucy and part homo rectus
-likely died in water since his skeleton is so complete
-